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Hemoglobin is a protein found inside red blood cells that plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen throughout the body. When blood passes through the lungs, oxygen molecules attach to hemoglobin, which then carries them to all tissues and organs. After delivering oxygen, hemoglobin picks up carbon dioxide, a waste product, and transports it back to the lungs to be exhaled. This continuous cycle is essential for maintaining proper bodily functions and energy production at the cellular level.

A hemoglobin test measures the amount of this protein in your blood and is typically included as part of a complete blood count, one of the most common laboratory tests ordered during routine health examinations. The test requires a simple blood sample, usually drawn from a vein in your arm. Healthcare providers use hemoglobin levels to screen for various conditions, monitor chronic diseases, and evaluate overall health status. Abnormal hemoglobin levels can indicate several health issues that may require further investigation.

Low hemoglobin levels, a condition known as anemia, can result from various causes including iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, chronic kidney disease, blood loss, or bone marrow disorders. People with anemia often experience symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and cold hands and feet. The severity of symptoms typically depends on how low the hemoglobin level has dropped and how quickly the condition developed.

High hemoglobin levels are less common but can occur in people living at high altitudes, smokers, or those with certain medical conditions such as polycythemia vera, chronic lung disease, or heart disease. Elevated hemoglobin can make blood thicker, potentially increasing the risk of blood clots. Normal hemoglobin ranges vary by age and gender, with adult men typically having higher levels than adult women. Your healthcare provider will interpret your results based on your individual circumstances, medical history, and any symptoms you may be experiencing. If your hemoglobin levels are abnormal, additional tests may be recommended to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.